Tilen,
Go to this page: ww w.pbguitarstudio.com/GuitarLessonPDF.html
(I don't know how to put a full link in here. It says too many links, 0 links allowed)
Download this PDF:
5 Position (CAGED) System - LARGE (Print out a few copies)
Find this in the upper-left corner: "Major Scale Pos 1"
The circled "1" is your tonic or your root note. For example, in this case, let's say it's in the key of G.
1 = G
2 = A
3 = B
5 = D
6 = E
In the same PDF file, go down to "Natural Minor Pos 1".
1 = G
b3 = B(flat)
4 = C
5 = D
b7 = F
Pentatonic or Pent means 5.
Note that the next 1 is not counted as 8, as it is G again (Octave).
You HAVE to learn every note on the guitar fingerboard. Period. No ifs, ands, or buts. Period.
There's a lot of work to do, but it is quite satisfying in doing so.
I'm sure someone will come along and expand on this and talk about learning elementary theory, etc.
Ask more questions if you need to.